💥💥💥 How to select computer parameters for structural calculations in Ansys?

Ansys is a software that allows you to perform various types of engineering simulations, such as static structural, fluid dynamics, thermal, electromagnetic, and more. To perform these simulations, you need to specify some computer parameters that affect the accuracy, speed, and memory usage of the analysis.

Some of the computer parameters that you can adjust in Ansys are:

- **Meshing**: This is the process of dividing the geometry into small elements that represent the physical domain. The quality and size of the mesh affect the accuracy and speed of the solution. You can control the meshing parameters in Ansys Workbench by using the Mesh Control feature or by defining Named Selections and Parameters in your CAD software¹².

- **Solver**: This is the algorithm that solves the system of equations that represent the physics of the problem. Ansys offers different types of solvers for different types of problems, such as direct, iterative, sparse, or dense solvers. You can select the solver type and settings in Ansys Workbench by using the Analysis Settings feature or by defining Parameters in your CAD software³.

- **Material Model**: This is the mathematical representation of the material behavior under different loading conditions. Ansys provides a library of material models for different types of materials, such as linear, nonlinear, elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, etc. You can select the material model and properties in Ansys Workbench by using the Engineering Data feature or by defining Parameters in your CAD software⁴. You can also calibrate your material model using experimental data with the Material Calibration app⁵.

These are some of the main computer parameters that you can adjust in Ansys to perform structural calculations. 

Source: 

(1) ANSYS Workbench CAD Interface for NX: How To Create ... - Ansys Knowledge. https://ansyskm.ansys.com/forums/topic/ansys-workbench-cad-interface-for-nx-how-to-create-named-selections-and-parameters/.

(2) ANSYS Workbench Tutorial - Introduction to Static Structural. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnpq5zzOS48.

(3) Multiple Simulations with Different Engineering Data - Ansys Learning Forum. https://forum.ansys.com/forums/topic/multiple-simulations-with-different-engineering-data/.

(4) Static Structural Analysis In ANSYS - ML - Best Engineering Blog. https://mechanicalland.com/static-structural-analysis-in-ansys/.

(5) A New Way to Calibrate Material Models for Simulation - Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/blog/calibrate-material-models.

What hardware parameters are important for Structural Analysis in Ansys?

The hardware parameters that are important for Structural Analysis in Ansys are:

- **Processor**: You should choose a processor that supports AVX512 instruction set, such as Intel Xeon Scalable processors from the Cascade Lake SP 62xx and AP 92xx families¹. You should also consider the core frequency, the number of cores, and the cooling system of the processor¹².

- **Memory**: You should have enough memory capacity to avoid paging to the hard drive, which can slow down the solution. For Ansys Mechanical, you need about 15 GB of RAM per million degrees of freedom². You should also use the fastest memory available and populate all memory channels in both processors with equal amounts of memory¹².

- **Storage**: You should use an SSD for your simulation work, preferably an NVMe SSD with intermediate endurance levels¹. This will reduce the seek time and improve the performance of reading and writing results files².

- **Graphics**: You should use a mid-range graphics card that is supported by Ansys, such as Nvidia Quadro P2000 or AMD Radeon Pro WX5100². These cards will not affect the solution time, but only display the graphics².

These are some of the hardware parameters that you should consider for Structural Analysis in Ansys. 

Source: 

(1) Hardware Tips to Accelerate Simulation | Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/blog/hardware-tips-to-accelerate-simulation.

(2) Ansys Hardware Recommendations | Maximize Ansys Performance. https://simutechgroup.com/resources/ansys-installation/ansys-hardware-information/.

(3) ANSYS Mechanical Workbench Scripting - Accessing Parameters. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73244840/ansys-mechanical-workbench-scripting-accessing-parameters.

(4) Static Structural Analysis In ANSYS - Best Engineering Blog. https://mechanicalland.com/static-structural-analysis-in-ansys/.

(5) https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/in-this-photo-illustration-the-ansys-logo-seen-displayed-on-news-photo/1212478964.

How can I check if my hardware meets Ansys requirements?

To check if your hardware meets Ansys requirements, you can use the following steps:

- Visit the Ansys Platform Support page¹ and download the PDF file that corresponds to your Ansys version and product. For example, if you are using Ansys 2023 R2 Mechanical, you can download the file named "Ansys 2023 R2 - Platform Support by Application / Product (PDF)".

- Open the PDF file and look for the section that lists the minimum and recommended hardware specifications for your product. For example, for Ansys 2023 R2 Mechanical, you can find the table on page 5 of the PDF file.

- Compare your hardware specifications with the ones listed in the table and see if they meet or exceed the minimum or recommended values. For example, if you have a processor with 8 cores, 64 GB RAM, an SSD with 500 GB capacity, and a Nvidia Quadro P2000 graphics card, you can see that they meet or exceed the recommended values for Ansys 2023 R2 Mechanical.

- If your hardware does not meet the minimum or recommended values, you may need to upgrade your hardware or consider using a different product that has lower requirements. You can also consult some of the resources provided by Ansys partners for guidance on hardware selection⁴⁵.

Source: 

(1) Platform Support and Recommendations | Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/it-solutions/platform-support.

(2) Hardware Recommendations for Running Ansys Software - r and Sim. https://resources.randsim.com/rand-simulation-solutions-blog/hardware-recommendations-for-running-ansys-software.

(3) Ansys Recommended Hardware | DRD Technology. https://www.drd.com/support/recommended-windows-hardware/.

(4) Download Ansys Student | Workbench-based Simulation Tools. https://www.ansys.com/academic/students/ansys-student.

(5) Ansys System Hardware Requirements - Ozen Engineering, Inc. https://support.ozeninc.com/help-center/what-are-the-system-hardware-requirements-for-ansys.

The difference between minimum and recommended hardware specifications is that:

- Minimum hardware specifications are the lowest level of hardware components that are required to run a software or an operating system. If your hardware does not meet the minimum specifications, you will not be able to install or use the software or the operating system at all.

- Recommended hardware specifications are the optimal level of hardware components that are suggested to run a software or an operating system smoothly and efficiently. If your hardware meets or exceeds the recommended specifications, you will have a better performance and user experience with the software or the operating system. 

Source: 

(1) Windows 11 Specs and System Requirements | Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-11-specifications.

(2) Photoshop system requirements - Adobe Inc.. https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/system-requirements.html.

(3) Windows 10 system requirements - Microsoft Support. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-10-system-requirements-6d4e9a79-66bf-7950-467c-795cf0386715.

(4) Blizzard Support - Diablo® IV System Requirements. https://us.battle.net/support/en/article/251518.

(5) Recommended specifications for new personal computer purchases. https://sites.udel.edu/computing-purchases/personal-specs/.

How can I optimize my simulation performance in Ansys?

Simulation performance in Ansys depends on various factors, such as the type and size of the problem, the solver settings, the mesh quality, and the hardware configuration. There are some general tips and guidelines that can help you optimize your simulation performance in Ansys. Here are some of them:

- Optimize the mesh: The mesh is the discretization of the geometry into small elements that represent the physical domain. The quality and size of the mesh affect the accuracy and speed of the solution. You can control the meshing parameters in Ansys Workbench by using the Mesh Control feature or by defining Named Selections and Parameters in your CAD software¹². You should aim for a mesh that is fine enough to capture the physics of interest, but not too fine to cause excessive computational cost. You can use mesh metrics, such as aspect ratio, skewness, and orthogonality, to check the quality of your mesh².

- Select the appropriate solver: The solver is the algorithm that solves the system of equations that represent the physics of the problem. Ansys offers different types of solvers for different types of problems, such as direct, iterative, sparse, or dense solvers. You can select the solver type and settings in Ansys Workbench by using the Analysis Settings feature or by defining Parameters in your CAD software³. You should choose a solver that is suitable for your problem characteristics, such as linear or nonlinear, static or dynamic, symmetric or asymmetric, etc. You can also use solver options, such as preconditioning, convergence criteria, and parallel processing, to improve the efficiency and robustness of your solver³.

- Use high-performance computing (HPC) technologies: HPC is a key enabler of large-scale simulations. Matched with Ansys solvers, HPC significantly maximizes simulation value, enabling you to increase the number of design iterations for study of larger and more complex models at faster speeds. There are several HPC technologies that can maximize Ansys simulation speeds, such as matrix multi-processing (MP), graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration, distributed memory matrix solver (DMM), and cloud computing⁴ . You should use these technologies according to your hardware availability and simulation needs.

- Use design optimization tools: Design optimization is a process of finding the best design parameters that satisfy certain objectives and constraints. Ansys provides various design optimization tools, such as Ansys optiSLang, Ansys DesignXplorer, and Ansys DesignPoints, that can help you automate and streamline your design exploration and optimization process. You can use these tools to define your design variables, objectives, constraints, and response surfaces, and then apply different optimization algorithms, such as gradient-based, evolutionary, or robust design optimization (RDO), to find the optimal design configuration.

These are some of the main tips and guidelines that can help you optimize your simulation performance in Ansys.

Source: 

(1) Hardware Tips to Accelerate Simulation | Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/blog/hardware-tips-to-accelerate-simulation.

(2) How to Optimize the Speed and Scalability of Ansys HFSS with Ansys HPC. https://www.ansys.com/blog/how-to-optimize-speed-scalability-ansys-hfss-hpc.

(3) How to speed up your ANSYS runs - FEA Tips. https://featips.com/2022/09/14/how-to-speed-up-your-ansys-runs/.

(4) Optimizing Design Optimization Efforts - Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/blog/optimizing-design-optimization-efforts.

💥💥💥 Which norms are most often used in structural calculations in Ansys?

Structural analysis is a method of simulating the behavior of a structure under various loads and conditions. Ansys is a software that offers different types of structural analysis, such as linear static analysis, nonlinear analysis, modal analysis, and transient dynamic analysis¹.

The choice of the norm depends on the type of analysis and the objective of the simulation. A norm is a measure of the error or convergence of a solution. Some common norms used in structural analysis are:

- **L2 norm**: This norm measures the difference between the exact and approximate solutions in terms of the energy norm. It is suitable for linear static analysis and modal analysis, where the solution is smooth and continuous.

- **H1 norm**: This norm measures the difference between the exact and approximate solutions in terms of both the energy norm and the gradient norm. It is suitable for nonlinear analysis and transient dynamic analysis, where the solution may have discontinuities or singularities.

- **Infinity norm**: This norm measures the maximum difference between the exact and approximate solutions at any point in the domain. It is suitable for problems where the peak values are important, such as stress concentration or contact pressure.

If you want to learn more about structural analysis methods and boundary conditions, you can check out these resources²³. 

Source: 

(1) Structural Analysis in ANSYS: Guide to Choosing the Right Simulation .... https://skill-lync.com/blogs/structural-analysis-in-ansys-guide-to-choosing-the-right-simulation-method.

(2) Practical Guide Structural Boundary Conditions using OnScale - Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/content/dam/amp/2023/april/quick-request/23q1-aer/structural-boundary-conditions-onscale-getsbgonen23.pdf.

(3) Static Structural Analysis - Ansys Learning Forum. https://forum.ansys.com/forums/topic/static-structural-analysis/.

The L2 norm, H1 norm, and infinity norm are different ways of measuring the error or convergence of a solution. They are based on different mathematical concepts, such as vector spaces, inner products, and norms. Here is a brief explanation of each concept:

- A **vector space** is a set of objects that can be added together and multiplied by scalars. For example, the set of all real numbers is a vector space, as well as the set of all functions defined on a domain.

- An **inner product** is a function that takes two vectors and returns a scalar. It satisfies some properties, such as symmetry, linearity, and positive-definiteness. For example, the dot product of two vectors is an inner product, as well as the integral of the product of two functions over a domain.

- A **norm** is a function that takes a vector and returns a non-negative scalar. It satisfies some properties, such as positivity, homogeneity, and triangle inequality. For example, the length of a vector is a norm, as well as the integral of the absolute value of a function over a domain.

The L2 norm, H1 norm, and infinity norm are defined using different inner products and norms on different vector spaces.

What is the difference between L2 and H1 norms?

The difference between L2 and H1 norms is that the L2 norm only measures the difference between the approximate and exact solutions in terms of the energy norm, while the H1 norm also measures the difference in terms of the gradient norm. This means that the H1 norm is more sensitive to the changes in the slope or curvature of the solution, while the L2 norm is more sensitive to the changes in the magnitude or average of the solution. The H1 norm is usually more accurate and reliable for nonlinear or transient problems, where the solution may have sharp features or discontinuities. The L2 norm is usually more efficient and simpler for linear or modal problems, where the solution is smooth and continuous. 

Which standards are most often used in structural calculations in Ansys?

Structural calculations in Ansys are based on the finite element method (FEM), which is a numerical technique for solving complex problems involving structures, fluids, heat transfer, electromagnetics, and more. FEM requires the discretization of the domain into small elements, which are connected by nodes. The quality and type of the mesh affect the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation.

There are different standards or guidelines for meshing in FEM, depending on the application, geometry, and solver. Some of the most common standards are:

- **ANSYS Meshing Guidelines**: These are general recommendations for creating a good quality mesh in Ansys Mechanical or Ansys Workbench. They include tips on how to prepare the geometry, choose the element type and size, control the mesh density and refinement, and check the mesh quality. You can find more details here¹.

- **ASME Standards**: These are specific standards for meshing in FEM for pressure vessel and piping design. They are developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and are widely used in the industry. They include rules on how to define the geometry, select the element type and order, determine the mesh size and convergence, and validate the results. You can find more details here².

- **ISO Standards**: These are international standards for meshing in FEM for various engineering applications. They are developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and are accepted by many countries. They include specifications on how to model the geometry, choose the element type and shape, control the mesh density and quality, and verify the accuracy. You can find more details here³.

Source: 

(1) Structural Analysis & Simulation Software | Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/products/structures.

(2) The Fundamentals of FEA Meshing for Structural Analysis - Ansys. https://www.ansys.com/blog/fundamentals-of-fea-meshing-for-structural-analysis.

(3) Static Structural Analysis - Ansys Learning Forum. https://forum.ansys.com/forums/topic/static-structural-analysis/.

(4) Structural analysis - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysis.

(5) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/in-this-photo-illustration-the-ansys-logo-seen-displayed-on-news-photo/1212478964.

How do I know if my mesh is good enough for my simulation?

The quality of the mesh is important for the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation. A good mesh should have elements that are well-shaped, well-sized, and well-distributed. A bad mesh can lead to errors, convergence issues, or unrealistic results.

There are different ways to check the mesh quality in Ansys, depending on the type of mesh and the solver. Here are some general steps that you can follow:

- First, you need to choose a suitable mesh metric that reflects the quality of the mesh for your problem. Some common mesh metrics are skewness, aspect ratio, orthogonal quality, smoothness, and Jacobian ratio. You can find more details about these metrics here¹.

- Second, you need to set a threshold or a range of acceptable values for the chosen mesh metric. This depends on the element type, the solver settings, and the desired accuracy. You can find some recommended values for different mesh metrics here².

- Third, you need to display and evaluate the mesh metric on the meshed model. You can use the Mesh tab in Ansys Workbench or Ansys Mechanical to view the mesh metric statistics and histograms. You can also use the Mesh Metric option in Ansys Fluent Meshing or Ansys CFX Mesh to visualize the mesh metric on the surface or volume elements. You can find some video tutorials on how to check the mesh quality in Ansys here³⁴⁵.

- Fourth, you need to identify and improve the areas of the mesh that have poor quality elements. You can use various mesh controls and refinement techniques to modify the element shape, size, and distribution. You can also use mesh smoothing and optimization tools to improve the overall mesh quality. You can find more tips on how to improve the mesh quality in Ansys here⁶.

Source:

(1) How to check the MESH Quality in Ansys Workbench - YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1km2gg_FTA.

(2) How to Check Mesh Quality in Ansys Meshing || Skewness || Orthogonality || Lec 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEHLgFHypOE.

(3) How to Improve Surface Mesh Quality in Ansys Fluent Meshing’s Watertight Geometry Workflow. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHx09ni8YQY.

(4) 10 How to Check Mesh Quality? Good OR Bad Mesh Decision |ANSYS Meshing .... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6Ujgrc13EY.

(5) Looking To Element Quality In ANSYS® Meshing(Illustrated Expression) - ML. https://mechanicalland.com/looking-to-element-quality-in-ansys-meshingillustrated-expression/.

(6)  https://files.mecht.in.

(7) http://mecht.in/.

(8) https://www.instagram.com/mech_tech.90/.

(9) https://www.facebook.com/mechtechpage/.

💥💥💥 How to perform fatique analysis in Ansys Workbench?

 Fatigue analysis is a process of evaluating the durability and reliability of a structure or a component under cyclic loading conditions. It can help to predict the number of cycles or the time to failure due to fatigue damage. Ansys Workbench is a software that can perform fatigue analysis using various methods and tools.

To perform fatigue analysis in Ansys Workbench, you need to follow these general steps:

• Create or import a geometry model of the structure or component you want to analyze.
• Define the material properties and assign them to the model.
• Apply the boundary conditions, such as fixed supports, loads, pressures, temperatures, etc.
• Mesh the model using appropriate element types and sizes.
• Choose a fatigue analysis system from the toolbox, such as Fatigue Tool, Random Vibration Fatigue, or Harmonic Response Fatigue.
• Define the fatigue parameters, such as loading type, fatigue life method, mean stress correction, S-N curve, etc.
• Solve the analysis and review the results, such as fatigue life, damage, safety factor, etc.

You can find more detailed instructions and examples on how to perform fatigue analysis in Ansys Workbench in these video tutorials:

• Fatigue Analysis in Ansys Workbench | Lesson 36 | Ansys Tutorial¹
• ANSYS Workbench Tutorial - Fatigue Analysis 1²
• ANSYS Workbench | Fatigue Analysis | Fatigue Life | Damage & Safety Factor³

You can also refer to these web pages for more information and tips:

• A Look at the Ansys Mechanical Fatigue Module | Ansys Tutorials⁴
• Ansys Workbench Fatigue Analysis Tutorial - Harvard University⁵
• Ansys Mechanical Fatigue | Ansys Training⁶
• Ansys Workbench Fatigue Analysis Tutorial Epdf Download⁷

What is the difference between static and dynamic fatigue analysis?

Fatigue analysis is a process of evaluating the durability and reliability of a structure or a component under cyclic loading conditions. It can help to predict the number of cycles or the time to failure due to fatigue damage. The difference between static and dynamic fatigue analysis is mainly related to the type and frequency of the loading conditions.

Static fatigue analysis is used to calculate the fatigue life of a structure or a component under constant or slowly varying loads, such as dead weight, pressure, or temperature. Static fatigue analysis assumes that the load is applied so slowly that inertia effects and damping can be neglected. Static fatigue analysis can be performed using stress-life (S-N) or strain-life (ε-N) methods, depending on the material behavior and the stress level.

Dynamic fatigue analysis is used to calculate the fatigue life of a structure or a component under time-varying or cyclic loads, such as impact, vibration, or shock. Dynamic fatigue analysis takes into account the effects of inertia, damping, and frequency on the structural response and the fatigue damage. Dynamic fatigue analysis can be performed using modal superposition, direct integration, or explicit methods, depending on the complexity and nonlinearity of the problem.

You can find more information about static and dynamic fatigue analysis in these web pages:

• The difference between static and dynamic analysis - Enterfea¹
• 6 Static, Dynamic, and Fatigue Mechanical Testing | Musculoskeletal Key²
• Dynamic Vs Static Analysis (Explained) - Loudspeaker & Acoustic …³

How do I choose an appropriate S-N curve for my material?

Choosing an appropriate S-N curve for your material depends on several factors, such as the type of material, the loading conditions, the stress ratio, and the available data. Here are some general guidelines to help you select an S-N curve for your material:

• First, you need to identify the type of material you are using, such as steel, aluminum, titanium, etc. Different materials have different fatigue properties and behavior, and may require different methods to obtain or define their S-N curves.
• Second, you need to determine the loading conditions that your material will be subjected to, such as constant amplitude, variable amplitude, random vibration, harmonic response, etc. Different loading conditions may affect the fatigue life and damage of your material in different ways, and may require different fatigue analysis systems or tools.
• Third, you need to specify the stress ratio ® that your material will experience during the loading cycles. The stress ratio is defined as R = S min / S max , where S min is the minimum stress and S max is the maximum stress in the cycle. The stress ratio can range from -1 (fully reversed loading) to 1 (fully compressive loading), and it can affect the shape and slope of the S-N curve.
• Fourth, you need to find or generate the data points for your S-N curve, either by conducting experimental tests, using existing data from literature or databases, or deriving from material properties or empirical formulas. You can enter or import the data points in a table or a file format, and plot them on a graph to visualize the S-N curve.

Once you have these information and data, you can use Ansys Workbench to assign an S-N curve to your material by following these steps¹:

• In a Fatigue study, add a fatigue event.
• In the Material dialog, on the Fatigue SN Curves tab, in the Source box do the following:
  • For Interpolate, set the scheme for interpolating alternating stresses against the number of cycles of the S-N curve.
  • Select Define and select a curve from the list. Curves that are already defined have the stress ratio value attached to their names (for example R = -1). Curves that are not defined are tagged as (Not Defined).
  • Select an undefined curve to populate with data. You can define up to 10 S-N curves for different values of stress ratios R to a specific material.
• In the Table data box, do the following:
  • In the Stress ratio ® box, enter the stress ratio associated with the curve.
  • Set the unit of stress.
  • Populate the curve data by entering Alternating Stress values versus number of cycles to failure due to fatigue, or click File to import data from the Simulation S-N Curve library.
  • Click View to graph the data or Save to save the curve to a data file (*.dat).
• Type a source of reference for the SN curve data in Source.
• Click Apply.

You can also use other methods to define an S-N curve for your material, such as deriving from material elastic modulus or using an existing curve from the material database. You can find more information and examples on how to associate S-N curves to a material in these web pages²³⁴.

💥💥💥 How to define multiflow in Ansys Fluent ?

Multiflow is a term used to describe the flow of multiple phases (solid, liquid, or gas) in a system. In Ansys Fluent, you can define multiflow by choosing one of the available multiphase models, depending on the type and behavior of the phases involved. Some of the multiphase models in Ansys Fluent are:

- Volume of Fluid (VOF) model: This model is suitable for tracking the interface between two or more immiscible fluids, such as water and air. You can use this model to simulate problems such as sloshing tanks, breaking waves, or bubble columns¹²³.

- Eulerian model: This model is suitable for simulating dispersed multiphase flows, such as solid particles in a gas or liquid stream. You can use this model to simulate problems such as fluidized beds, cyclone separators, or pneumatic conveying⁴⁵.

- Mixture model: This model is suitable for simulating dilute multiphase flows, where the phases are well mixed and have similar velocities. You can use this model to simulate problems such as sediment transport, spray drying, or blood flow⁴⁵.

To define multiflow in Ansys Fluent, you need to follow these steps:

- Go to Models > Multiphase and select the desired multiphase model from the drop-down list.

- Specify the number and type of phases in your system.

- Define the properties and interactions of each phase, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, drag force, etc.

- Set the boundary conditions and initial conditions for each phase.

- Solve the problem and visualize the results.

For more details and examples on how to define multiflow in Ansys Fluent, you can watch some of the video tutorials available online¹²³. I hope this helps you with your problem. 😊

Source: Conversation with Bing, 10/18/2023

(1) #ANSYS FLUENT - Multiphase Flow Tutorial - YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLx8UemITgY.

(2) ANSYS Fluent Tutorial | Multiphase flow in an Inclined Pipe | Two Phase Flow in an Inclined Pipe VOF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22dGJtp0CQY.

(3) Ansys Fluent Tutorial for beginners | Multiphase Flow | Three Phases | Ansys Workbench. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgQTaXuPmbI.

(4) Introduction to Multiphase Flow Modeling using Ansys Fluent | Ansys .... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uwu4QRmRstk.

(5) Multiphase Flow Modeling Using ANSYS FLUENT | LearnCAx. https://www.learncax.com/courses/by-software/multiphase-flow-modeling-using-ansys-fluent-detail.

(6) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 User's Guide - 7.3.11 Outflow Boundary Conditions - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/ug/node247.htm.

(7) Ansys Fluent Multiphase Flow Simulation | Ansys Training. https://www.ansys.com/training-center/course-catalog/fluids/ansys-fluent-multiphase-flow-modeling.

(8)http://cfd.ninja/.

(9) https://cfdninja.com/.

(10)https://naviers.xyz/.

(11)https://3dn.ninja/.

(12)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIWqNEAcmsw.

(13) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list.

(14) https://files.mecht.in.

(15) https://www.instagram.com/mech_tech.90/.

(16) https://www.facebook.com/mechtechpage/.

(17) https://ketiv.com/ava.

(18) https://facebook.com/KETIVTech/.

(19) https://twitter.com/KetivTech.

(20) https://www.linkedin.com/company/keti.

(21) https://ketiv.com/blog/subscribe/.

(22) https://ketiv.com/avaIntroduction. 

How do I choose the right multiphase model for my problem?

Choosing the right multiphase model for your problem depends on several factors, such as:

- The type and behavior of the phases involved (solid, liquid, or gas)

- The volume fraction and distribution of each phase

- The degree of interphase coupling and interaction

- The computational cost and accuracy of the model

(1) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide - 16. Multiphase Flows - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node288.htm.

(2) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide - 16.2 Choosing a General Multiphase Model. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node292.htm.

(3) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide - 16.2.1 Approaches to Multiphase Modeling. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node293.htm.

(4) Ansys Fluent Multiphase Flow Simulation | Ansys Training. https://www.ansys.com/training-center/course-catalog/fluids/ansys-fluent-multiphase-flow-modeling.

Sure, I can give you some examples for each multiflow model in Ansys Fluent. Here are some of them:

- Volume of Fluid (VOF) model: This model is suitable for tracking the interface between two or more immiscible fluids, such as water and air. You can use this model to simulate problems such as sloshing tanks, breaking waves, or bubble columns¹²³. For example, you can use the VOF model to simulate the flow of water and air in a 135 degree inclined pipe with a small opening at one face and a large outlet³. You can watch a video tutorial on how to set up and solve this problem using Ansys Fluent [here](^3^).

- Mixture model: This model is suitable for simulating dilute multiphase flows, where the phases are well mixed and have similar velocities. You can use this model to simulate problems such as sediment transport, spray drying, or blood flow⁴⁵. For example, you can use the mixture model to simulate the flow of water, air, and oil in a three-phase separator⁵. You can watch a video tutorial on how to set up and solve this problem using Ansys Fluent [here](^2^).

- Eulerian model: This model is suitable for simulating dispersed multiphase flows, such as solid particles in a gas or liquid stream. You can use this model to simulate problems such as fluidized beds, cyclone separators, or pneumatic conveying⁴⁵. For example, you can use the Eulerian model to simulate the flow of air and coal particles in a coal combustion chamber⁵. You can watch a video tutorial on how to set up and solve this problem using Ansys Fluent [here](^4^).

I hope these examples help you understand the different multiflow models in Ansys Fluent. 😊

Source:

(1) ✅ #ANSYS FLUENT - Multiphase Flow Tutorial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLx8UemITgY.

(2) Ansys Fluent Tutorial for beginners | Multiphase Flow | Three Phases | Ansys Workbench. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgQTaXuPmbI.

(3) ANSYS Fluent Tutorial | Multiphase flow in an Inclined Pipe | Two Phase Flow in an Inclined Pipe VOF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22dGJtp0CQY.

(4) ANSYS Fluent Tutorial | Multiphase flow in an Inclined Pipe | Two Phase Flow in an Inclined Pipe VOF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22dGJtp0CQY.

(5) Introduction to Multiphase Flow Modeling using Ansys Fluent | Ansys .... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uwu4QRmRstk.

(6) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide - 16. Multiphase Flows - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node288.htm.

(7) Ansys Fluent Tutorial for beginners | Multiphase Flow | Three Phases | Ansys Workbench. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgQTaXuPmbI.

(8) Introduction to Multiphase Flow Modeling using Ansys Fluent | Ansys .... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uwu4QRmRstk.

(9) ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide - 16.1.2 Examples of Multiphase ... - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node291.htm.

What are some limitations of multiphase models?

Some limitations of multiphase models are:

- They require more computational resources and time than single-phase models, especially for complex multiphase flows with strong interphase coupling and interaction¹.

- They may not be available or compatible with some features or solvers in Ansys Fluent, such as the density-based solver, the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, the inviscid flow, the melting and solidification, the streamwise periodic flow, etc²³.

- They may not have exact analytical solutions or reliable interphase laws for some cases, such as non-linear conduction equations, phase change phenomena, or granular flows.

- They may not capture some important physical effects or phenomena, such as phase separation, coalescence and breakup, cavitation, etc.

These limitations may affect the accuracy and validity of the multiphase models for some applications. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate model based on the characteristics and behavior of the multiphase flow, and to validate the results with experimental data or other methods.

Source:

(1) 16.4.1 Overview and Limitations of the Mixture Model - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node309.htm.

(2) 16.5.1 Overview and Limitations of the Eulerian Model - ENEA. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/th/node320.htm.

(3) Multiphase Flows: Basic Physics and Engineering Modeling. https://staff.polito.it/pietro.asinari/teaching/NHT_Asinari_Multiphase_v1.5.PDF.

Can you recommend a good book on multiphase flows?

Sure, I can recommend some good books on multiphase flows. Multiphase flows are complex phenomena that involve the interaction of two or more phases (solid, liquid, or gas) in a system. They have many applications in engineering, science, and industry, such as fluidized beds, oil and gas production, nuclear reactors, spray combustion, etc. To understand and model multiphase flows, you need to have a solid background in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and numerical methods.

There are many books on multiphase flows available in the market, but some of them are more suitable for beginners, while others are more advanced or specialized. Depending on your level of interest and expertise, you can choose from the following books:

- **Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow** by Christopher E. Brennen¹: This book is a good introduction to the basic concepts and principles of multiphase flow. It covers topics such as single-particle motion, bubble dynamics, cavitation, boiling and condensation, flow patterns, homogeneous flows, sprays, granular flows, drift flux models, system instabilities, and kinematic waves. It also provides some examples and exercises for each chapter.

- **Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow** by Andrea Prosperetti and Grétar Tryggvason²: This book is a comprehensive guide to the numerical methods and techniques for simulating multiphase flows. It covers topics such as direct numerical simulations, immersed boundary methods, structured grid methods, finite element methods, lattice Boltzmann models, boundary integral methods, averaged equations, point-particle methods, segregated methods, and coupled methods. It also provides some case studies and applications for each method.

- **Multiphase Flow Analysis Using Population Balance Modeling: Bubbles, Drops and Particles** by Guan Heng Yeoh³: This book is a specialized book on the population balance modeling approach for multiphase flows. It covers topics such as population balance equations, breakup and coalescence models, interfacial area transport equations, bubble column reactors, fluidized beds, spray drying systems, etc. It also provides some software tools and codes for implementing the models.

- **Multiphase Flow Dynamics** by Nikolay Ivanov Kolev⁴: This book is an advanced book on the theoretical and experimental aspects of multiphase flow dynamics. It covers topics such as thermodynamics of multiphase systems, interfacial phenomena, phase change processes, multiphase turbulence models,

multiphase flow instrumentation and measurement techniques,

multiphase flow safety issues,

etc. It also provides some examples and problems for each topic.

These are some of the best books on multiphase flows that I can recommend to you. I hope you find them useful and interesting. 😊

Source:

(1) Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow - Cambridge University Press & Assessment. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/fundamentals-of-multiphase-flow/FC7E6D7E54AC9D1C178EDF88D6A75FFF.

(2) Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow - Cambridge University Press .... https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/computational-methods-for-multiphase-flow/B2BD97E62BA30AA80779E5E54B47A5B4.

(3) 12 Best Books on Multiphase Flow - Sanfoundry. https://www.sanfoundry.com/best-reference-books-multiphase-flow/.

(4) Multiphase Flow Handbook - Google Books. https://books.google.com/books/about/Multiphase_Flow_Handbook.html?id=BgMUjwEACAAJ.

(5) Multiphase Flow Handbook | Efstathios Michaelides, Clayton T. Crowe, J. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9781315371924/multiphase-flow-handbook-efstathios-michaelides-john-schwarzkopf-clayton-crowe.

(6)  https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807169.

(7)  https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607486.

💥💥💥 How to prepare model for structural analysis in Ansys Workbench ?

Ansys Workbench is a software platform that enables you to perform finite element analysis (FEA) for various engineering problems. You can use Ansys Workbench to create, import, or edit geometry, apply materials and boundary conditions, generate and refine mesh, solve the problem, and post-process the results.

To prepare a model for structural analysis in Ansys Workbench, you need to follow these basic steps:

• Launch Ansys Workbench and create a new project. You can choose from different analysis systems, such as Static Structural, Modal, Transient Structural, etc.
• Double-click on the Geometry cell to open Ansys DesignModeler or Ansys SpaceClaim. You can create your own geometry using sketching and modeling tools, or import an existing CAD file from other software.
• Save and close the geometry editor. The geometry will be automatically transferred to the project schematic.
• Double-click on the Model cell to open Ansys Mechanical. Here you can define the material properties, element types, contacts, loads, supports, and other settings for your structural analysis.
• Right-click on the Mesh branch and select Generate Mesh. You can use different meshing methods and controls to create a suitable mesh for your model. You can also check the mesh quality and statistics.
• Right-click on the Solution branch and select Solve. You can monitor the solution progress and convergence in the Solution Information window.
• Right-click on the Solution branch and select Insert to add different result items, such as stress, strain, displacement, reaction force, etc. You can view and plot the results in the graphics window or in the Worksheet.

You can also watch some video tutorials on how to perform structural analysis in Ansys Workbench from these links:

• ANSYS Workbench Tutorial | Structural Analysis of One dimensional Framed Structure | ANSYS Tutorial
• ANSYS 2020 Workbench Tutorial | Introduction to Static Structural | 2020 R2
• How to use Ansys Workbench? | Static structural analysis | Comparison of results

How to import a CAD file into Ansys Workbench ?

To import a CAD file into Ansys Workbench, you can follow these steps:

• Save your CAD file in a compatible format, such as IGES, STEP, or Parasolid. You can use the File > Save As option in your CAD software to do this.
• Launch Ansys Workbench and create a new project. You can choose from different analysis systems, such as Static Structural, Modal, Transient Structural, etc.
• Double-click on the Geometry cell to open Ansys DesignModeler or Ansys SpaceClaim. You can use the File > Import External Geometry File option to select your CAD file and import it into the geometry editor.
• Save and close the geometry editor. The geometry will be automatically transferred to the project schematic.
• Double-click on the Model cell to open Ansys Mechanical. Here you can define the material properties, element types, contacts, loads, supports, and other settings for your structural analysis.

You can also watch some video tutorials on how to import CAD files into Ansys Workbench from these links:

• How to import CAD files directly to Ansys Workbench?
• HOW TO IMPORT CAD FILES INTO ANSYS SOFTWARE || ANSYS || SOLIDWORKS || CREO || CATIA
• import external geometry file in ansys workbench from auto cad

How to export a mesh from Ansys Workbench?

To export a mesh from Ansys Workbench, you have several options depending on the format and the destination of the mesh file. Here are some common methods:

• To export a mesh in ANSYS Mechanical APDL format (.cdb), you can select any object in the loads and boundary condition section, then choose Tools > Write Input File. You can save the file with a .dat extension, then rename it to .cdb after writing¹².
• To export a mesh in STL format (.stl), you can right-click on the Mesh branch in the outline tree, then choose Export > STL File. You can specify a location and name for the STL file³.
• To export a mesh in other formats, such as CGNS, NASTRAN, or ABAQUS, you can use the External Model component system in ANSYS Workbench. You can drag and drop the External Model component system from the Toolbox to the Project Schematic, then connect it to the Solution cell of your analysis system. Then you can double-click on the Setup cell of the External Model component system to open ANSYS Mechanical APDL. Here you can use the commands /PREP7 and CDWRITE to write the mesh file in various formats. You can find more information about these commands in the ANSYS Mechanical APDL Help⁴.

You can also watch some video tutorials on how to export meshes from Ansys Workbench from these links:

• Generating Mesh in ANSYS Workbench | Part-1
• Efficient Meshing Tutorial with Ansys Workbench
• How to check the MESH Quality in Ansys Workbench | Mesh Metrics | Skewness | Orthogonal Quality

I hope this helps you with your project. If you have any other questions, feel free to ask me. 😊

💥💥💥 What are non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench and when to use for ?

 Non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench are a type of contact formulation that can model the behavior of contacting surfaces that may separate, slide, or deform under applied loads. Non-linear contacts are useful for simulating problems that involve large displacements, gaps, friction, or contact stiffness¹.

There are different types of non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench, such as frictionless, rough, frictional, and no separation. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the problem you are trying to solve. For example, frictionless contact allows free sliding between surfaces but does not account for any shear stresses. Frictional contact can model shear stresses up to a certain limit before sliding occurs, but it may require more iterations to converge. No separation contact prevents any gap formation between surfaces but may not be realistic for some cases¹.

To use non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench, you need to specify the contact and target regions, the contact formulation, the detection method, the contact stiffness, and other advanced settings. You can also use the general contact option to automatically detect and define contacts between all bodies in the model².

If you want to learn more about non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench, you can watch some video tutorials here, here, or here. You can also read some articles here, here, or here. 

What is the difference between linear and non-linear contacts?

The difference between linear and non-linear contacts is that linear contacts assume a constant contact area and stiffness between the contacting surfaces, while non-linear contacts allow the contact area and stiffness to change depending on the deformation, separation, sliding, or friction of the surfaces¹.

Linear contacts are simpler and faster to solve, but they may not be accurate or realistic for some problems that involve large displacements, gaps, friction, or contact stiffness. Non-linear contacts are more complex and slower to solve, but they can capture the true behavior of the contacting surfaces under various loading conditions¹.

Some examples of linear and non-linear contacts are:

• Linear: A tube with a torque applied to the end gets larger and larger in diameter².
• Non-linear: The tube rotates instead of getting larger².
• Linear: A resistor with a constant resistance that follows Ohm’s Law³.
• Non-linear: A resistor with a varying resistance that depends on external factors³.
• Linear: A molecule with all atoms connected in a straight line⁴.
• Non-linear: A molecule with atoms connected in more complex shapes⁴.

What are some examples of non-linear contacts?

Some examples of non-linear contacts are:

• A rubber boot seal that undergoes large strain, large deformation, and contact with other surfaces¹.
• A metal forming process that involves plastic deformation, friction, and contact between the die and the workpiece².
• A tire analysis that considers the large deformation of the rubber material, the contact between the tire and the road, and the inflation pressure².
• A medical device analysis that models the interaction between the device and the human tissue, such as a stent, a catheter, or an implant².

These are some of the problems that require non-linear contact analysis to capture the true behavior of the contacting surfaces under various loading conditions. 

Explanation about the detection method and stiffness settings for non-linear contacts

I will try to explain more about the detection method and stiffness settings for non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench.

The detection method is the way that Ansys Workbench identifies the contact pairs between the contact and target regions. There are five options for the detection method: nodal, nodal-normal-to-target, projection, projection-normal-to-target, and closest-point projection¹. Each option has a different algorithm for finding the contact nodes and elements, and may result in different contact areas and forces. The default option is nodal-normal-to-target, which is the fastest and most robust option, but it may not be accurate for some cases where the contact surfaces are curved or have sharp corners¹. You can change the detection method to another option if you observe excessive penetration or unrealistic results in your simulation.

The stiffness settings control how stiff or flexible the contact interface is in the normal and tangential directions. The stiffness factor is a multiplier that adjusts the contact stiffness based on the material properties of the contact and target regions. The default value is 1.0, which means that the contact stiffness is equal to the harmonic average of the Young’s modulus of the contact and target regions². You can increase or decrease the stiffness factor to make the contact interface stiffer or softer, respectively. This may affect the convergence and accuracy of your simulation. For example, a higher stiffness factor may reduce the penetration but increase the numerical instability, while a lower stiffness factor may increase the penetration but improve the convergence².

The stiffness settings also include an option to update the normal stiffness in each iteration. This option allows Ansys Workbench to automatically adjust the contact stiffness based on the current deformation and penetration of the contact interface. This option is recommended for most non-linear contact problems, as it can improve the accuracy and convergence of your simulation³. However, it may also increase the computational cost and time of your simulation.

I hope this explanation helps you understand more about the detection method and stiffness settings for non-linear contacts in Ansys Workbench.

What is the difference between frictional and no separation contact?

Frictional and no separation contact are two types of non-linear contact formulations in Ansys Workbench. They differ in how they model the tangential behavior of the contacting surfaces¹.

Frictional contact allows the surfaces to slide relative to each other if the shear stress exceeds a certain limit, which is determined by the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction can be constant or variable, depending on the material properties and the contact pressure. Frictional contact can capture the effects of friction on the deformation, stress, and heat generation of the contacting surfaces².

No separation contact prevents any sliding or separation between the surfaces in both normal and tangential directions. The surfaces are effectively glued together, but they can still deform under applied loads. No separation contact can be used to model problems where the surfaces are bonded or welded, or where the sliding is negligible compared to the deformation³.

Frictional and no separation contact have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the problem you are trying to solve. Frictional contact can be more realistic and accurate for some cases, but it may also require more iterations and computational time to converge. No separation contact can be simpler and faster to solve, but it may not be applicable or realistic for some cases¹.

What is the difference between frictional and frictionless contact?

The difference between frictional and frictionless contact is that frictional contact considers the effect of friction forces between the contacting surfaces, while frictionless contact ignores them. Friction forces can resist the relative sliding of the surfaces and generate heat and wear. Frictionless contact assumes that the surfaces can slide freely without any resistance or energy loss.

Frictional and frictionless contact are two types of non-linear contact formulations in Ansys Workbench. They are used to model problems that involve large displacements, gaps, or contact stiffness between the contacting surfaces. Frictional and frictionless contact differ in how they calculate the tangential forces and displacements at the contact interface¹.

Frictional contact uses a Coulomb friction model to determine the tangential forces and displacements. The tangential force is proportional to the normal force and the coefficient of friction, which can be constant or variable. If the tangential force exceeds a certain limit, the surfaces start to slide relative to each other. The sliding causes heat generation and wear at the contact interface².

Frictionless contact assumes that the tangential force is zero and the surfaces can slide without any resistance. The tangential displacement is calculated by integrating the relative velocity of the surfaces over time. The sliding does not cause any heat generation or wear at the contact interface³.

Frictional and frictionless contact have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the problem you are trying to solve. Frictional contact can be more realistic and accurate for some cases, but it may also require more iterations and computational time to converge. Frictionless contact can be simpler and faster to solve, but it may not be applicable or realistic for some cases¹.

When to use no-separation, frictional and frictionless contact in Ansys Workbench?

The choice of contact type in Ansys Workbench depends on the problem you are trying to solve and the behavior of the contacting surfaces. Here are some general guidelines for when to use no-separation, frictional and frictionless contact:

• No-separation contact: Use this contact type when you want to prevent any gap formation between the surfaces, but allow some sliding in the tangential direction. This contact type is linear and fast to solve, but it may not be realistic for some cases where the surfaces can separate or open slightly. For example, you can use no-separation contact to model problems where the surfaces are bonded or welded, or where the sliding is negligible compared to the deformation¹.
• Frictional contact: Use this contact type when you want to model the effect of friction forces between the surfaces, which can resist the relative sliding and generate heat and wear. This contact type is nonlinear and slow to solve, but it can be more accurate and realistic for some cases where the friction is important or significant. For example, you can use frictional contact to model problems where the surfaces have a rough or sticky texture, or where the sliding is large or frequent².
• Frictionless contact: Use this contact type when you want to ignore the effect of friction forces between the surfaces, which means that the surfaces can slide freely without any resistance or energy loss. This contact type is also nonlinear and slow to solve, but it can be simpler and faster than frictional contact. For example, you can use frictionless contact to model problems where the surfaces have a smooth or slippery texture, or where the friction is negligible or small².

These are some general guidelines for when to use no-separation, frictional and frictionless contact in Ansys Workbench. However, you may need to experiment with different contact types and settings to find the best fit for your specific problem. 

💥💥💥 How to model hardening process in Ansys Workbench ?

 To model the hardening process in Ansys Workbench, you need to define a material model that captures the plastic deformation and strain hardening behavior of the material. There are several plasticity models available in Ansys, such as multilinear hardening, isotropic hardening, kinematic hardening, etc. You can choose the model that best fits your experimental data and application.

One of the most commonly used plasticity models is the multilinear hardening model, which allows you to specify the true stress-strain curve of the material beyond the yield point. You can obtain this curve from a tensile test or from literature sources. You can also use Ansys to calculate the slope of the curve up to the yield point, which is the elastic modulus of the material.

To define a multilinear hardening model in Ansys Workbench, you need to follow these steps:

• In the Engineering Data section of Ansys Workbench, add a new material or edit an existing one.
• In the Material Models tab, expand the Structural branch and select Plasticity.
• In the Plasticity branch, select Multilinear Hardening.
• In the Multilinear Hardening table, enter the true stress and true plastic strain values for each point on the curve. You can also import these values from a file or copy and paste them from another source.
• In the Isotropic Elasticity branch, enter the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the material. You can also use Ansys to calculate these values from the true stress-strain curve.
• Apply the material to your geometry in the Model section of Ansys Workbench.
• Set up your boundary conditions, loads, and analysis settings in the Setup section of Ansys Workbench.
• Solve your analysis and view the results in the Solution section of Ansys Workbench.

For more details and examples on how to define a multilinear hardening plasticity model in Ansys Workbench, you can watch this video¹ or read this article². You can also download the accompanying geometry and simulation files from these links³⁴.

What is the difference between multilinear and isotropic hardening?

The difference between multilinear and isotropic hardening is that multilinear hardening allows you to specify the true stress-strain curve of the material beyond the yield point, while isotropic hardening assumes that the yield stress increases uniformly with plastic strain¹.

Multilinear hardening is defined by a series of plastic strain/yield stress points, which can be obtained from a tensile test or from literature sources². Isotropic hardening is defined by a single parameter, which can be calculated from the slope of the true stress-strain curve at the yield point³.

Multilinear hardening is more accurate and flexible than isotropic hardening, as it can capture the nonlinear and anisotropic behavior of some materials⁴. However, isotropic hardening is simpler and easier to implement, as it requires less input data and computational effort⁵.

I hope this answers your question. If you want to learn more about plasticity models and how to use them in Ansys Workbench, you can watch this video¹ or read this article⁴. 

What is the difference between true stress and engineering stress?

The difference between true stress and engineering stress is that true stress takes into account the changing cross-sectional area of the material as it undergoes deformation, while engineering stress assumes that the area remains constant¹².

Engineering stress is calculated by dividing the applied force by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen, while true stress is calculated by dividing the applied force by the instantaneous cross-sectional area at each point in the deformation process¹².

Engineering stress is simpler and easier to use in material analysis and design calculations, but it may not accurately represent the actual stress experienced by the material in situations where significant elongation or compression occurs¹². True stress is more accurate and precise in capturing the material behavior in scenarios involving extensive deformations or non-uniform stress distributions¹².

I hope this explains the difference between true stress and engineering stress. If you want to learn more about these concepts and how to convert between them, you can watch this video¹ or read these articles²³⁴.